ABSTRACT Single nucleotide polymorphisms are variations of a single nucleotide base pair and can be associated to phenotypic characteristics. This study aimed to determine the association of CAPN1 and CAST gene polymorphisms with the tenderness of Creole cattle meat from the Amazonas region, Peru. The texture profile (adhesiveness, cohesiveness, Warner-Bratzler shear force, elasticity, gumminess, and chewiness) of 100 animals was determined in 100 g of Longissimus dorsi et lumborum muscle. Allelic frequencies, genotypic frequencies, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) of calpain (CAPN-316, CAPN-530) and calpastatin (CAST-2959) gene polymorphisms were studied. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were calculated, as well as the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with the Chi-square test. The texture profile of each group of samples corresponding to a polymorphism was compared with the Duncan’s test and the t-test for independent samples (p < 0.05). Genotypic frequencies were 78 % GG and 22 % CC for CAPN-316; 68 % GG, 5 % GA, and 27 % AA for CAPN-530; and 74 % AA, 18 % AG, and 8 % GG for CAST-2959. The CAPN-316, CAPN-530, and CAST-2959 polymorphisms were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The CC genotype of CAPN-316 marker influences meat tenderness on day 21 of meat aging. In contrast, the GG genotype of CAST-2959 marker affects meat tenderness at days 14 and 21 of meat aging concerning the other genotypes.

RESUMEN Introducción: En los últimos años, el número de casos de malaria en las comunidades nativas de Condorcanqui, Amazonas ha aumentado considerablemente. La malaria por Plasmodium vivax es endémica en la región y en 2019 fue reportada la reintroducción de P. falciparum. Objetivo: En este estudio, recopilamos y analizamos los datos de malaria y COVID-19 reportados por la Dirección Regional de Salud (DIRESA) durante el 2020. Métodos: Además, realizamos un análisis de razón de posibilidades “odds ratio” para evaluar las asociaciones significativas entre los síntomas de la COVID-19 y las infecciones previas de malaria. En el 2020, se reportaron 1547 casos de malaria (97% por P. vivax) y 5968 de COVID-19. Resultados: Por otro lado, 96 pacientes contrajeron COVID-19 después de contraer una infección de malaria. De éstos, 87 eran sintomáticos (90,6%) y en su mayoría adultos de 30 a 59 años (62,3%). Además, encontramos que las infecciones previas de malaria están asociadas a la presencia de síntomas como fiebre, tos, dolor de garganta y dificultad respiratoria. Sin embargo, no hubo asociación significativa entre estos casos y la hospitalización o la muerte. Conclusión Nuestro análisis sugiere que las infecciones previas por malaria podrían afectar la sintomatología de la COVID-19, lo que destaca la importancia de un programa continuo de control y vigilancia de la malaria para evitar posibles sindemias con la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In recent years, the number of malaria cases in native communities from Condorcanqui, Amazonas has considerably increased. Plasmodium vivax malaria is endemic in the region and the re-introduction of P. falciparum was reported in 2019. Objetive: Here, we compiled and analyzed malaria and COVID-19 data reported by the Regional Direction of Health (DIRESA) during the 2020. Methodos: Additionally, we performed an odds ratio analysis to evaluate significant associations between COVID-19 symptoms and previous malaria infections. In 2020, 1547 malaria (97% were P. vivax) and 5968 COVID-19 cases were reported. Furthermore, 96 patients got COVID-19 after getting a malaria infection. Results: From these, 87 were symptomatic (90.6%), and mostly adults, ages 30 to 59 (62.3%). Also, we found that malaria previous infections represent a risk for the presence of symptoms such as fever, cough, throat pain, and respiratory difficulty. Nevertheless, there was no significant association between these cases and hospitalization or death. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that previous malaria infections might affect COVID-19 symptomatology, which highlights the importance of a continuing control and surveillance malaria program to avoid potential syndemics with COVID-19.